In the verdant fields of Maharashtra, sugarcane farming stands as a pillar of the agricultural economy, providing livelihoods to countless families and contributing significantly to the state’s prosperity.
However, amidst the bountiful harvests lies a pressing issue that demands urgent attention—the burning of sugarcane trash. This practice, though widespread, poses severe environmental and health hazards, casting a shadow over the otherwise thriving agricultural landscape.
As we delve into the heart of this issue, it becomes imperative to understand the multifaceted impacts of burning sugarcane trash. From the release of harmful pollutants that degrade air quality to the detrimental effects on soil health and biodiversity, the consequences are far-reaching. Moreover, the health of local communities is at stake, with respiratory ailments and other health problems becoming alarmingly common.
This article seeks to shed light on the gravity of the problem and explore sustainable alternatives that can transform this challenge into an opportunity. By embracing eco-friendly practices and innovative solutions, we can pave the way for a cleaner, healthier, and more prosperous future for Maharashtra’s sugarcane farmers and the communities they support.
CURRENT SCENARIO:
The issue of burning sugarcane trash in Maharashtra is a significant environmental concern. With 211 sugar factories in operation and a daily crushing capacity of 9.50 lakh metric tonnes, the State has a substantial sugarcane industry. The land under cane cultivation spans 12 lakh hectares, with an availability of 1100 lakh metric tonnes of sugarcane and an average yield of 90 metric tonnes per hectare. This results in approximately 0.5 tonnes of trash per hectare, leading to a total trash availability of around 60 lakh metric tonnes.
Prevalence of Burning:
Burning sugarcane trash is a common practice among farmers in Maharashtra. It is estimated that trash burning occurs in almost 90% of the sugarcane fields.
Environmental Impact:
The burning of sugarcane trash releases a significant amount of particulate matter and carbon emissions, contributing to air pollution. It also results in the loss of organic matter and beneficial soil microorganisms.
Soil Health:
Studies have shown that burning sugarcane trash negatively impacts soil health by increasing bulk density and soil pH while decreasing macro and micronutrient levels. This practice also reduces the organic carbon content in the soil, which is crucial for maintaining soil fertility.
Economic Impact:
The ash generated from trash burning can affect nearby crops, such as Cotton, grapes, by reducing their market value due to ash deposits on the berries.
HEALTH ISSUES FACED BY LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND HARVESTING LABOURERS:
1) Respiratory Problems:
a) Asthma and Bronchitis:
The inhalation of smoke and fine particulate matter can exacerbate asthma and bronchitis, leading to increased hospital visits and medication use.
b) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):
Prolonged exposure to smoke can contribute to the development of COPD, a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult.
2) Cardiovascular Issues:
Heart Attacks and Strokes:
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
3) Eye and Skin Irritation:
Conjunctivitis:
The smoke can cause eye irritation, leading to conjunctivitis (pink eye) and other eye infections.
4) Skin Allergies:
Direct exposure to smoke and ash can cause skin allergies and rashes among laborers working in the fields.
5) General Health Concerns:
Headaches and Fatigue:
The presence of smoke in the air can lead to headaches, dizziness, and general fatigue, affecting the overall well-being of individuals.
Reduced Immunity:
Continuous exposure to pollutants can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS:
Burning sugarcane trash has several economic implications, primarily due to the loss of valuable organic matter, decreased soil fertility, and reduced crop yield. Here’s a detailed exploration of these impacts:
1) Loss of Valuable Organic Matter:
a) Nutrient Depletion:
Burning sugarcane trash results in the loss of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are crucial for plant growth. This depletion necessitates the use of additional fertilizers, increasing production costs for farmers1.
b) Soil Organic Carbon:
The organic carbon content in the soil is significantly reduced due to burning, affecting soil structure and its ability to retain water and nutrients.
2) Decreased Soil Fertility:
a) Soil Health:
The practice of burning sugarcane trash negatively impacts soil health by increasing soil pH and bulk density while reducing the levels of macro and micronutrients. This degradation of soil quality leads to lower productivity and higher costs for soil amendments.
b) Microbial Activity:
Burning destroys beneficial soil microorganisms that play a vital role in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. This reduction in microbial activity further diminishes soil fertility2.
3) Reduced Crop Yield:
a) Yield Decline:
The combined effect of nutrient loss and decreased soil fertility leads to a decline in sugarcane yield. Farmers may experience lower returns on their investment due to reduced crop productivity3.
b) Economic Losses:
Lower yields translate to reduced income for farmers, impacting their economic stability. Additionally, the need for increased inputs such as fertilizers and soil conditioners adds to the overall cost of cultivation
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION:
1) In-Situ Management:
Mulching and Composting:
Incorporating sugarcane trash into the soil through mulching or composting can enhance soil fertility by adding organic matter and nutrients. This practice also helps in conserving soil moisture and reducing weed growth.
2) Green Manuring:
Using green manure crops in rotation with sugarcane can improve soil structure and fertility, leading to better crop yields2.
Alternative Uses of Sugarcane Trash:
3)Bioenergy Production:
Utilizing sugarcane trash for bioenergy production, such as biomass pellets or bio-oil, can provide an eco-friendly alternative to burning and generate additional income for farmers.
4) Animal Feed:
Processed sugarcane trash can be used as animal feed, offering a sustainable use of the biomass and reducing waste.
GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY INITIATIVE:
1) Subsidies and Incentives:
Providing subsidies and incentives for adopting sustainable practices can encourage farmers to move away from burning sugarcane trash.
2) Education and Training:
Educating farmers about the long-term benefits of sustainable practices and providing training on alternative methods can help in reducing the prevalence of trash burning.
By addressing the economic implications of burning sugarcane trash and promoting sustainable alternatives,
Maharashtra can improve soil health, enhance crop yields, and support the economic well-being of its farmers.
REMOTE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF INCORPORATING TRADH INTO FIELDS:
Incorporating sugarcane trash into the fields instead of burning it can lead to significant water and power savings, which in turn can increase income and reduce the overall cost of sugarcane cultivation. Here’s how:
1)Water Savings:
a) Improved Soil Moisture Retention:
Mulching:
Using sugarcane trash as mulch helps retain soil moisture by reducing evaporation. This means less frequent irrigation is needed, leading to water savings.
Enhanced Soil Structure:
The organic matter from the trash improves soil structure, allowing better water infiltration and retention. This reduces the amount of water required for irrigation.
b) Reduced Irrigation Costs:
Lower Water Usage:
With improved moisture retention, farmers can reduce the frequency and volume of irrigation, leading to lower water bills and reduced energy costs for pumping water.
2) Power Savings:
Reduced Energy for Irrigation:
Efficient Water Use:
Better soil moisture retention means less energy is needed to pump water for irrigation, resulting in lower electricity or diesel costs.
3) Bioenergy Production:
Energy Generation:
Sugarcane trash can be used to produce bioenergy, such as biomass pellets or bio-oil. This can provide an alternative energy source for farm operations, reducing reliance on external power sources and lowering energy costs.
Total Effect on Income and Cost Reduction:
A) Increased Income:
1) Higher Yields:
Improved soil health and moisture retention lead to higher crop yields, resulting in increased income for farmers.
2) Additional Revenue Streams:
Utilising sugarcane trash for bioenergy or animal feed can provide additional income sources.
B) Cost Reduction:
1) Lower Input Costs:
Reduced need for chemical fertilizers and herbicides due to nutrient recycling and weed suppression from mulching lowers input costs.
2) Water and Energy Savings:
Reduced irrigation frequency and energy use for pumping water lead to significant cost savings.
SUMMERY OF BENEFITS:
1) Water Savings:
Improved soil moisture retention reduces irrigation needs, saving water and associated costs.
2) Power Savings:
Efficient water use and bioenergy production lower energy costs.
3) Increased Income:
Higher yields and additional revenue streams boost income.
4) Cost Reduction:
Lower input costs and savings on water and energy reduce overall cultivation costs.
By adopting sustainable practices and utilizing sugarcane trash effectively, farmers can enhance their income and reduce the costs associated with sugarcane cultivation, contributing to a more sustainable and profitable agricultural system.
SPECIAL EFFORTS AND CAMPAIGN LED BY HON. LAXMIKANT DESHMUKHSAHEB, FORMER COLLECTOR OF KOLHAPUR FROM 2009 TO 2012….
The campaign led by Hon. Laxmikant Deshmukh, the former Collector of Kolhapur District, from 2009 to 2012, serves as an exemplary model for addressing the issue of sugarcane trash burning. His proactive approach and dedication resulted in significant positive outcomes. Together with him Mr Umesh Patil, Senior Govt. Agriculture Officer was very active enough in successfully implementing the campaign. His personal efforts was notable one.
Here’s a summary of the campaign and its impact:
Campaign Highlights:
Collaborative Efforts:
1) Meetings and Coordination:
Hon. Deshmukh organized meetings involving personnel from all sugar factories in Kolhapur, revenue officers from all talukas, government agriculture officers, and the Regional Joint Director (Sugar) of the Kolhapur Region. This collaborative effort ensured that all stakeholders were aligned with the campaign’s goals.
2) Extensive Planning and Target Setting:
Comprehensive Plan:
An extensive plan was prepared with clear targets to achieve the “No Trash Burning Program.” This included specific actions and timelines to ensure effective implementation.
3) Field Visits and Continuous Engagement:
Personal Visits:
Hon. Deshmukh personally visited fields to monitor progress and engage with farmers directly. This hands-on approach helped build trust and encouraged farmers to adopt sustainable practices.
4) Repeated Meetings:
Regular meetings were held to review progress, address challenges, and reinforce the campaign’s objectives.
5) Awareness and Propaganda:
Wall Posters and Advertisements:
The campaign utilized wall posters and advertisements in local newspapers to raise awareness about the harmful effects of trash burning and promote alternative practices.
Area-Wise Farmers Meetings:
Meetings were organized at the local level to educate farmers about the benefits of not burning sugarcane trash and to provide guidance on sustainable practices.
6) Declaration Of FREE Air Travel To 50 Farmers to Kolhapur-Banglore On Lucky Draw Basis :
Announced the Free Air Travel trip to Bangalore from Kolhapur Air Port for 50 Cane Cultivators as a incentive on “LUCKY DRAW BASIS “ who stopped 100% burning of sugarcane trash in their fields and accordingly brought this scheme in practice also. This plan incentivise the cane cultivators and it became very effective.
It is alarming to note that this was totally peoples contributory program. Government’s contribution was only ₹ 50 thousands whereas peoples contribution was ₹ 42.50 Lakhs. Hence, it is Cristal Clear that if Government authorities initiate such schemes thoroughly, farmers also shares their contributions considering the remote’s economical as well as social benefits. This is unique example of Kolhapur district. District Collector Hon. Deshmukhsaheb and Govt. Sr. Agriculture Officer Mr. Patil saheb motivated the cane cultivators, sugar factories and all other concerning stakeholders in a very nice manner for taking part in the program and hence program remained very fruitful.
Impact and Results:
1)Significant Reduction in Trash Burning:
The campaign led to a notable decrease in the incidence of sugarcane trash burning in the Kolhapur district.
2) Improved Soil Health and Productivity:
By avoiding trash burning, soil fertility improved, leading to better crop yields and increased productivity of the land under sugarcane cultivation.
3) Environmental and Health Benefits:
The reduction in air pollution and particulate matter contributed to better health outcomes for local communities and laborers.
Recommendations for State-Wide Implementation:
1) Formulate Extensive Policy/Plan:
Government Support:
The Government of Maharashtra’s Agriculture Ministry, in collaboration with the State Sugar Commissionerate, can formulate an extensive policy to promote the “No Burning Sugarcane Trash at Field Program.”
2) Clear Targets and Guidelines:
Establish clear targets and guidelines for sugarcane cultivators to follow, ensuring consistent implementation across the state.
3) Awareness and Education:
State-Wide Campaigns:
Launch state-wide awareness campaigns using various media channels to educate farmers about the benefits of sustainable practices.
Training Programs:
Conduct training programs for farmers on alternative uses of sugarcane trash, such as mulching, composting, and bioenergy production.
4) Incentives and Support:
Subsidies and Incentives:
Provide financial incentives and subsidies for adopting sustainable practices and purchasing necessary equipment.
Technical Support:
Offer technical support and resources to farmers to facilitate the transition to sustainable practices.
By adopting a comprehensive and collaborative approach similar to Hon. Deshmukh’s campaign, the Government of Maharashtra can effectively address the issue of sugarcane trash burning, prevent national loss, and enhance the productivity of sugarcane cultivation.
CALL TO ACTION: Adopt Eco-Friendly Practices in Sugarcane Cultivation.
1) Farmers: Lead the Change
Incorporate Trash into Soil:
Use sugarcane trash as mulch or compost to improve soil health, retain moisture, and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers.
Adopt Green Harvesting:
Embrace green harvesting techniques to leave trash in the fields, enhancing soil fertility and reducing air pollution.
Utilise Biomass:
Explore alternative uses for sugarcane trash, such as bioenergy production or animal feed, to generate additional income and reduce waste.
2) Industry Stakeholders: Support Sustainable Practices
Provide Resources:
Offer financial incentives, subsidies, and technical support to farmers adopting eco-friendly practices.
Promote Awareness:
Conduct awareness campaigns and training programs to educate farmers about the benefits of sustainable practices and how to implement them effectively.
Collaborate for Innovation:
Work with research institutions and agricultural experts to develop and promote innovative solutions for sustainable sugarcane cultivation.
3) Government Bodies: Formulate and Enforce Policies
Implement Regulations:
Establish and enforce regulations to prevent sugarcane trash burning and promote sustainable practices.
Support Programs:
Launch state-wide programs to support farmers in adopting eco-friendly practices, including financial incentives and technical assistance.
Monitor and Evaluate:
Regularly monitor the implementation of sustainable practices and evaluate their impact on soil health, crop yields, and environmental quality.
4) Benefits of Eco-Friendly Practices:
Enhanced Soil Fertility:
Improved soil structure and nutrient recycling lead to healthier crops and higher yields.
Water and Power Savings:
Better soil moisture retention reduces irrigation needs, saving water and energy costs.
Environmental Protection:
Reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions contribute to a healthier environment.
Economic Gains:
Lower input costs, higher yields, and additional revenue streams from biomass utilization increase farmers’ income.
Join the Movement:
Together, we can make a significant impact by adopting eco-friendly practices in sugarcane cultivation. Let’s work towards a sustainable future, protect our environment, and ensure the well-being of our communities.
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, adopting eco-friendly practices in sugarcane cultivation offers numerous benefits for farmers, the environment, and local communities. By incorporating sugarcane trash into the soil, farmers can enhance soil fertility, retain moisture, and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers, leading to higher crop yields and lower input costs. Utilizing sugarcane trash for bioenergy or animal feed provides additional revenue streams and reduces waste. Collaborative efforts among farmers, industry stakeholders, and government bodies are essential to promote sustainable practices, prevent air pollution, and protect public health. By embracing these practices, we can ensure a sustainable future, improve the productivity of sugarcane cultivation, and enhance the well-being of our communities. Let’s work together to make a positive impact and lead the way towards sustainable agriculture.
P.G. Medhe is the former Managing Director of Shri Chhatrapati Rajaram Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd and sugar industry analyst. He can be contacted at +91 9822329898.
